This study aims to explore how environmental values and pro-environmental social identity influence pro-environmental behavior among university students, considering the mediating role of student well-being and the moderating role of spirituality. Drawing upon the Value-Belief-Norm theory and Social Identity Theory, this research integrates personal, social, and psychological predictors of sustainable action. Data were collected from 336 female university students in China using a self-administered questionnaire assessing biospheric, altruistic, and egoistic values, pro-environmental social identity, student well-being, spirituality, and pro-environmental behavior. A moderated mediation model was tested using the PROCESS macro in SPSS. Results show that pro-environmental social identity and biospheric values positively predict pro-environmental behavior, while egoistic values show a significant negative effect. Altruistic values, however, revealed a significant but negative direct association with pro-environmental behavior. Student well-being mediated the effects of social identity, egoistic values, and biospheric values on pro-environmental behavior, but not altruistic values. Furthermore, spirituality strengthened the mediated effect of biospheric values on pro-environmental behavior through well-being, while its moderating effect was weak or absent for altruistic values and only partially significant for egoistic values. This study provides a nuanced understanding of how different types of values and identities influence pro-environmental behavior through well-being, while highlighting spirituality as a meaningful, though selective, moderator. It advances theoretical integration of Value-Belief-Norm and Social Identity Theories by including psychological well-being and spirituality in pro-environmental models within a student population.